MACROMOLECULES REVISION TEST, Class 11

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfSo0jzUf3QmTBP9F7b7pqXUy5BB4x0dqzRTDa-TBJEYlO4Ig/viewform?vc=0&c=0&w=1&flr=0&gxids=7757 

REVISION TEST, CHAPTER 10, CLASS 7

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1y47fCCYjF4VXRn9tDCZxfRf_JxoIRf1W/view?usp=drivesdk

CROSSWORD PUZZZLE:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/13FHXiOe0Jzl-XXg9RtJyMvoIDpJNUuWQ/view?usp=drivesdk

MATCH THE COLUMN:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nAuhelmJp0Jb0GhuPbJDcpXGSVrgDr1P/view?usp=drivesdk

Solutions of Worksheet 1, RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS, Ch 10, Class 7

 

Q1:

1.  voice box

2. lungs and gills

3. alcohol

4. lactic acid

5. guard cells

6. stomata

7. aerobic

8. Haemoglobin

9. 21%

10. 15-18%

11. 0.04%

12. lactic acid

13.  inside

14. spiracles

15. trachea

Q2:

1.  d

2.  d

3.  a

4.  a

5.  b

6.  b

7.  b

8.  a

9.  a

10.  c

11.  a

12.  a

13.  c

14.  c

15.  a

Q. III

a. cockroach or ant or any other insect

b. Tracheal tubes

c. Stomata

d. Haemoglobin

e. Alveoli

Transportation in Plants and Animals, Lect1, Ch11, Class7 Science

RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS, Solutions (Ch 10) Class 7

 1. Why does an athlete breathe faster and deeper than usual after finishing the race?

Solution:

The athlete needs a lot of energy during the race, and for the release of energy, they need a lot of Oxygen; hence they breathe faster and more profound than usual after finishing the race.

2. List the similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Solution:

Similarities: In both kinds of respiration, food particles are broken down to finer constituents.

Differences

Aerobic respiration	Anaerobic respiration
Takes place in the presence of Oxygen	Takes place in the absence of Oxygen
End products are CO2 and H2O	End products are CO2 and alcohol
Produces a large amount of energy	The energy released is less when compared to aerobic respiration
It occurs in most plants and animals	Occurs in yeast and some bacteria

3. Why do we often sneeze when we inhale a lot of dust-laden air?

Solution:

When we inhale dust-laden air, dust irritates nose; As reflexive action, dust is thrown out through sneezing.

4. Take three test-tubes. Fill ¾th of each with water. Label them A, B and C. Keep a snail in test-tube A, a water plant in test-tube B and in C, keep snail and plant both. Which test-tube would have the highest concentration of CO2 ?

Solution:

Test tube A will have the highest concentration of CO2 because test-tube A will have Snail which expels out CO2 into the tube. In tube C, there is a plant which will inhale CO2 to decrease CO2 concentration in the tube C.

5. Tick the correct answer:

(a) In cockroaches, air enters the body through

(i) lungs (ii) gills (iii) spiracles (iv) skin

(b) During heavy exercise, we get cramps in the legs due to the accumulation of

(i) carbon dioxide (ii) lactic acid (iii) alcohol (iv) water

(c) Normal range of breathing rate per minute in an average adult person at rest is:

(i) 9–12 (ii) 15–18 (iii) 21–24 (iv) 30–33

(d) During exhalation, the ribs

(i) move outwards (ii) move downwards (iii) move upwards (iv) do not move at all

Solution:

a) (iii) spiracles

b) (ii) lactic acid

c) (ii) 15–18

d) (ii) move downwards

6. Match the items in Column I with those in Column II:

Column I	Column II
(a) Yeast	(i) Earthworm
(b) Diaphragm	(ii) Gills
(c) Skin	(iii) Alcohol
(d) Leaves	(iv) Chest cavity
(e) Fish	(v) Stomata
(f) Frog	(vi) Lungs and skin
	(vii) Trachae

Solution:

Column I	Column II
(a) Yeast	(iii) Alcohol
(b) Diaphragm	(iv) Chest cavity
(c) Skin	(i) Earthworm
(d) Leaves	(v) Stomata
(e) Fish	(ii) Gills
(f) Frog	(vi) Lungs and skin

7. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:

(i) During heavy exercise the breathing rate of a person slows down. (T/F)

(ii) Plants carry out photosynthesis only during the day and respiration only at night. (T/F)

(iii) Frogs breathe through their skins as well as their lungs. (T/F)

(iv) The fishes have lungs for respiration. (T/F)

(v) The size of the chest cavity increases during inhalation. (T/F)

Solution:

i) False

ii) False

iii) True

iv) False

v) True

8. Given below is a square of letters in which are hidden different words related to respiration in organisms. These words may be present in any direction — upwards, downwards, or along the diagonals. Find the words for your respiratory system. Clues about those words are given below the square.

(i) The air tubes of insects

(ii) Skeletal structures surrounding chest cavity

(iii) Muscular floor of chest cavity

(iv) Tiny pores on the surface of leaf

(v) Small openings on the sides of the body of an insect

(vi) The respiratory organs of human beings

(vii) The openings through which we inhale

(viii) An anaerobic organism

(ix) An organism with tracheal system

Solution:

(i) Trachea

(ii) Ribs

(iii) Diaphragm

(iv) Stomata

(v) Spiracles

(vi) Lungs

(vii) Nostrils

(viii) Yeast

(ix) Ant

9. The mountaineers carry oxygen with them because:

(a) At an altitude of more than 5 km there is no air.

(b) The amount of air available to a person is less than that available on the ground.

(c) The temperature of air is higher than that on the ground.

(d) The pressure of air is higher than that on the ground.

Solution:

The answer is (b). The amount of air available to a person is less than that available on the ground.

Animal Cell Culture and Applications, Lect5, Class 12, Biotechnology

https://youtu.be/eeF4-Hr6WOk

Animal Cell Culture and Applications, Lect6, class 12, Biotechnology

Worksheet 1, RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS, Ch 10, Class 7

 I) Fill in the blanks:-

 1) Larynx is also known as --------------------.

 2) Frog have ------------- and ------------ as respiratory organs.

 3) ---------------- is produced in anaerobic respiration.

 4) Muscle cell produce ------------------------- during sudden activity. 

5) Closing and opening of stomata is controlled by ----------------------.

 6) The leaves of plants have small pore called ------------------. 

7) ------------------- respiration takes place in presence of oxygen. 

8) The oxygen carrying components in blood is ------------------.

 9) The percentage of oxygen inhaled air is-----------------. 

10) ------------------- is the normal range of breathing rate/minute in an adult person at rest. 

11) The percentage of carbon dioxide in inhaled air is ----------------. 

12) Muscle cramps occur due to accumulation of --------------------. 

13) During exhalation the ribs move -------------------. 

14) In cockroach the air enters through-----------------. 

15) The air tubes in insects are called------------------. 

II) Multiple Choice Questions:- 

1) In insects, air enters the body through a) Lungs b) gills c) skin d) spiracles 

2) During exhalation the ribs move a) Upwards b) downwards c) outwards d) to normal position

 3) Plants breathe through their stomata located in their a) Leaves b) Stem c) roots d) flowers

 4) Gills are respiratory organs in a) Fish b) cockroach c) amoeba d) earthworm 

5) Breathing is a a) Chemical process b) physical process c) biological process d) biochemical process 

6) In aerobic respiration which chemical substance is produced? a) Lactic acid b) carbon dioxide c) alcohol d) citric acid 

7) More energy is released in a) Anaerobic respiration b) aerobic respiration c) fermentation d) breathing 

8) Inhalation is the a) Intake of oxygen b) release of oxygen c) intake of carbon dioxide d) release of carbon dioxide 

9) Hemoglobin is present in a) RBC b) WBC c) platelets d) plasma 

10) In plants, exchange of gases takes place through a) Guard cells b) normal cells c) stomata d) epidermis

 11) Oxidation of food inside cell takes place in a) Mitochondria b) Golgi bodies c) chromosomes d) ribosomes 

12) Inspiration is the process of a) Taking in oxygen rich in air b) release of carbon dioxide rich in air c) taking in carbon dioxide rich in air d) none 

13) Hemoglobin carries oxygen molecules as a) Car boxy hemoglobin b) a&c c) oxyhaemoglobin d) none 

14) Which of the following organism breathe through skin? a) Cockroach b) fish c) earthworm d) human 

15) Muscular floor of the chest cavity is called a) Diaphragm b) ribcage c) bronchus d) trachea

III) Name the following:- 

a) An organism that respire by tracheal system. 

b) The air tube of insects 

c) Small pores on leaves surface for exchange of gases. 

d) Red coloured pigment present in RBC. 

e) Small balloon like structure that make the lungs.

ENZYMES AND ITS PROPERTIES, Class 11(BIOTECH)

Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are proteins that act as biological catalysts (biocatalysts). Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.In 1877, German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne (1837–1900) first used the term enzyme.

Enzymes- Properties, Classification and Significance

• Enzymes are the biological macromolecules which speed up the rate of biochemical reactions without undergoing any change. They are also called as biological catalysts.
• An enzyme is a highly selective catalyst that greatly accelerates both the rate and specificity of metabolic reactions.

Properties of Enzymes

• Nearly all enzymes are proteins, although a few catalytically active RNA molecules have been identified.
• Enzyme catalyzed reactions usually take place under relatively mild conditions (temperatures well below 100oC, atmospheric pressure and neutral pH) as compared with the corresponding chemical reactions.
• Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed themselves in the process.
• Enzymes are highly specific with respect to the substrates on which they act and the products that they form.
• Enzyme activity can be regulated, varying in response to the concentration of substrates or other molecules.
• They function under strict conditions of temperature and pH in the body.

Active site of Enzymes

• The active site of an enzyme is the region that binds the substrate and converts it into product.
• It is usually a relatively small part of the whole enzyme molecule and is a three-dimensional entity formed by amino acid residues that can lie far apart in the linear polypeptide chain.

The enzyme unit, or international unit for enzyme (symbol U, sometimes also IU) is a unit of enzyme's catalytic activity.^[1]

1 U (μmol/min) is defined as the amount of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of one micromole of substrate per minute under the specified conditions of the assay method.

One katal is the enzyme activity that converts one mole of substrate per second under specified assay conditions.

The concept of enzyme unit should not be confused with the one of international unit (IU). Although it is true that 1 U = 1 IU^[5] (because, for many enzymes, the existing U was adopted as the later IU)

Animal Cell Culture 5marks question, Class 12 (BIOTECH)

 

1. Why the technique for the production of monoclonal antibodies called hybridoma technology?  Why monoclonal antibodies are preferred over serum antibodies in diagnostics? Give an example of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody for breast cancer patients.
2. A child suffering from acute lymphocytic leukemia underwent a bone marrow replacement therapy wherein her bone marrow was destroyed and replaced by bone marrow obtained from a sibling who was normal. Why was the bone marrow destroyed during the therapy? Do you expect the child to recover? Explain.
3. Embryonic cells during development not only commit along different lineages but also retain a population of cells are present only at strategic locations in the adult organism. Name these specialized cells and why they are maintained in undifferentiated state?
4. What is OKT-3? Why is it administered to patients undergoing organ transplantation? What is the relevance of fusing an antibody producing B-cells with myeloma cells in hybridoma technology?
5. (a) Discuss about the method involved in the scaling up of the suspension culture. (b) Imagine yourself as a G.E. and had produced a recombinant molecule carrying gene of interest i.e. tPA. You want to propagate it. Suggest suitable method for the same.
6. What are the medical application of the following:

(i) tPA   (ii) Monoclonal Antibodies    (iii) Erythropoietin  (iv) Factor VIII     (v) Factor IX

Animal Cell Culture 3mark questions, Class 12(BIOTECH)

 

1. What is OKT-3? Why is it administered to patients undergoing organ transplantation? What is the relevance of fusing an antibody producing B-cells with myeloma cells in hybridoma technology?
2. If you wish to scale up cells derived from human tissue, what kind of culture set up will you use and why?
3. (a) What is stem cell? (b) Explain erythropoiesis with suitable diagram (c) What is the possible benefit of embryonic stem cell technology?
4. Embryonic cells during development not only commit along different lineages but also retain a population of cells are present only at strategic locations in the adult organism. Name these specialized cells and why they are maintained in undifferentiated state?
5. ES cells could potentially be used for treatment of variety diseases associated with tissue damage? Defend this statement by giving three examples of ES therapeutics.
6. Why is humulin considered better than pig insulin for the treatment of diabetes?
7. Indicate three applications of stem cell technology.
8. Stem cell technology is potentially very exciting. Why? Give three sources of stem cell?
9. Outline the process of creation of chimeric mouse by embryonic stem cell culture.
10. Explain the methods which can be used for the scaling up of animal culture.
11. (a) Differentiate between stem cells and progenitor cells. (b) Name two sources of stem cells.
12. (a) Stem Cell technology is potentially very exciting. Why? (b)Why do we retain stem cells throughout adult life?
13. Describe the use of the following in an animal cell culture laboratory: (a) LAF hood (b) Inverted microscope (c) Microcarrier beads

Animal Cell Culture 2marks question, Class 12(BIOTECH)

 

1. In assesing the effect of growth factors on animal cell cultures, a particular phase of growth is more suitable. Name this phase giving reason for the same.
2. How is lipofection used to deliver genes into cells?
3. What is OKT-3? Why is it administered during kidney transplantations?
4. What is embryonic stem cell culture? State their observed properties in tissue culture.
5. Name the two antibiotics added to animal culture media. Why cannot these be used in microbial media?
6. How are animal cells stored and how are they revived when require for culturing?
7. Based on microscopic observation, how can an oncologist differentiate between cancerous and normal cells?
8. Why is r- HuEPO preferred over blood transfusion in a person with blood loss due to accident?
9. The long distance runners are disqualified if they test positive for EPO. What is it? What is its impact on the body of runner?
10. What is the importance of maintaining pH while culturing animal cells? How is the pH maintained in a culture media?
11. Karyotype determination of animal cell culture is important. Why? What factors affect its stability?
12. Why is it difficult to culture animal cells as compared to plant cells? Why is it essential to supplement animal cell culture media with serum?
13. Why is it possible to store animal cells for long periods at very low temperature in the presence of DMSO and high concentration of serum?
14. Administration of monoclonal antibodies against CD3 can help accept renal allograft in patients. Why?
15. As a student of biotechnology you know that animal cell culture media is supplemented with serum. Discuss what are advantages and limitations of using serum in the media.
16. As a student of biotechnology you know that animal cell culture media is supplemented with serum. Discuss what are advantages and limitations of using serum in the media.
17. Why are animal cells grown in CO2 incubators and not in regular incubators? Do we require similar incubators for culturing microbial cells?
18. What is the difference between a defined and a serum-supplemented medium?
19. Once a cell line has been established, its karyotype has to be determined. Why?
20. With an example explain how secondary cell cultures are derived?
21. Why are low speed centrifuge required for most cell culture?
22. Burn victims are grafted with skin peels from other parts of their body rather than from a donor individual. Why?
23. If you wish to scale up cells derived from human tissue, what kind of culture set up will you use and why?
24. Expand: FSH, ICM, FGH, PDGF
25. What are inverted microscopes and why are they useful in animal cell culture lab?
26. Animal cells in a culture medium were placed in a regular incubator used for growing bacterial cells. Do you expect the animal cells to grow or not?
27. What is meant by tissue engineering? Explain any two important medical applications of tissue engineering.
28. How do we analyse the growth characteristics of a particular cell line?

NCERT EXEMPLAR, BIOMOLECULES

 Copy the link in a new tab:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8hXbvn1ab-BVjJuSE4tUFhyVzg/view

Animal Cell Culture 1 mark questions, Class 12(BIOTECH)

 

1. What is meant by tissue engineering?
2. Animal cells were cultured in a peptone – glucose broth. They failed to grow and died. Why?
3. How can cancerous cells be detected in a biopsy?
4. Why is tPA administered after cerebral hemorrhage?
5. State any two features of animal cell culture.
6. Why are animal cell culture media supplemented with fetal calf serum?
7. What is herceptin?
8. Antibiotics are added to culture medium for animal cells. Why?
9. Why a pan of water is always kept in an incubator chamber, used for animal cell culture?
10. Name the scientist who established the first human cell line from cervix cancer cells.
11. Why is it essential to supplement animal cell culture media with serum?
12. Why is humulin considered better than pig insulin for the treatment of diabetes?
13. Name the scientist who were first to introduce trypsin for the sub culturing of adherent cells.
14. What is Gene Knock Out?
15. Why it is necessry to prepare karyotype of cell before its culture?

Animal Cell Culture and Applictions, Class 12, Lect 4, Biotechnology

Animal Cell Culture and Applications(EQUIPMENTS), Lect 3, Class 12, Biot...

Respiration in Organisms,Lect 2, Ch 10, Class 7

EXEMPLAR QUESTION, CH 9, CLASS 7

 1. Is it a good practice to remove grass and small plants that are growing in an open, unused field? Give a reason to support your answer.

2. A man digging a pit found that he could dig with ease initially but digging became difficult as he went deeper. He could not dig beyond a depth of 5 feet. Provide a suitable scientific explanation.

3.Rajasthan is a desert state in India. Once while travelling to Rajasthan by train, Boojho observed several streams and rivulets of rainwater during the journey but to his surprise, he did not see streams of water in the desert region even during rains. Help Boojho find a suitable explanation for this.

4.Why is soil erosion relatively less in dense forests as compared to barren, open fields?

Ans 1. No, It is not a good practice because plants cover the soil surface and their roots bind the soil particles to hold them firmly. This prevents washout of the top layer of soil from strong winds and rains.

Ans 2. The top layer of soil is loose and easy to dig, as we down deep soil consists of weathered rocks or which makes digging difficult.

Ans 3. Deserts are filled with stretches of sand. When rain falls rainwater percolates immediately. Hence water streams are not found in deserts.

Ans 4. In dense forests, the tree cover (canopy) prevents rainwater from directly falling on the ground/soil. Also, roots of the vegetation bind the soil particles and hold them together. As a result soil erosion is minimised.

But in barren, open fields the soil is exposed to the falling rain. The soil particles become loose due to the impact of raindrops and the flow of water carries them away. The flowing water further erodes the soil surface aggravating erosion.

PROTEIN STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

 Proteins are biological polymers composed of amino acids. Amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds, form a polypeptide chain. One or more polypeptide chains twisted into a 3-D shape form a protein. There are two general classes of protein molecules: globular proteins and fibrous proteins. Globular proteins are generally compact, soluble, and spherical in shape. Fibrous proteins are typically elongated and insoluble. Globular and fibrous proteins may exhibit one or more of four types of protein structure. 

Four Protein Structure Types

The four levels of protein structure are distinguished from one another by the degree of complexity in the polypeptide chain. A single protein molecule may contain one or more of the protein structure types: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

1. Primary Structure

Primary Structure describes the unique order in which amino acids are linked together to form a protein. Proteins are constructed from a set of 20 amino acids. Generally, amino acids have the following structural properties:

• A carbon (the alpha carbon) bonded to the four groups below:
• A hydrogen atom (H)
• A Carboxyl group (-COOH)
• An Amino group (-NH2)
• A "variable" group or "R" group

All amino acids have the alpha carbon bonded to a hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, and an amino group. The "R" group varies among amino acids and determines the differences between these protein monomers.

2. Secondary Structure

Secondary Structure refers to the coiling or folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its 3-D shape. There are two types of secondary structures observed in proteins. One type is the alpha (α) helix structure. This structure resembles a coiled spring and is secured by hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide chain. The second type of secondary structure in proteins is the beta (β) pleated sheet. This structure appears to be folded or pleated and is held together by hydrogen bonding between polypeptide units of the folded chain that lie adjacent to one another.

3. Tertiary Structure

Tertiary Structure refers to the comprehensive 3-D structure of the polypeptide chain of a protein. There are several types of bonds and forces that hold a protein in its tertiary structure.

 4. Quaternary Structure

Quaternary Structure refers to the structure of a protein macromolecule formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains. Each polypeptide chain is referred to as a subunit. Proteins with quaternary structure may consist of more than one of the same type of protein subunit. They may also be composed of different subunits. Hemoglobin is an example of a protein with quaternary structure. Hemoglobin, found in the blood, is an iron-containing protein that binds oxygen molecules. It contains four subunits: two alpha subunits and two beta subunits.

Class Test, BIOMOLECUES, CLASS XI

1. Draw the Fischer projection of alpha-glucose.   (2)

2. What is an oligosaccharide?   (2)

3. Name the test conducted in pathalogical laboratories to ascertain the presence of sugar in blood sample. How we can say that a particular test is positive?    (2)

4. Define aminoacids. Classify all naturally occuring aminoacids on the basis of their R chain.   (3)

5. Give two examples where aminoacids act as derivatives.   (2)

6. What is coenzyme?   (2)

7. Draw the structure of cholesterol and dGTP.   (5)

8. How does deoxyribonucleotides react with DPA reagent to give blue colour?   (2)

Respiration in Organism, Class 7, Lect 1

Animal Cell Culture, Class 12, Lect 1

Solutions of Class Test of Soil, Ch 9, Class 7

1. (b) Forest

2. (c) A-horizon

3. (b) Topsoil

4. (a) (ii) and (iv)

5. Rock > Gravel > Sand > Silt > Clay

6. Sand, Silt, Clay

7. (a) Weathering

     (b) Erosion

     (c) Soil pollution

     (d) Percolation

8. (a) Humus

    (b) Soil Profile

    (c) Horizon

    (d) Loam

    (e) Weathering

    (f) Percolation

9. Situation ‘B’ is advantageous to plants because horizon A- and B are rich in water, minerals and humus.

10. Top Soil (A Horizon)

       SubSoil (B Horizon)

       C Horizon

       Bed Rock

11. 

Column-I	Column-II
a) Earthworm	vi) A horizon of moist soils
b) Garden Lizard	iv)Surface of soil
c) Crab	i) Sand and beaches
d) Rodents	ii) Burrows in soil
e) Scorpion	iii)Deep, narrow holes in dry soils
f) Snails and snugs	v) Surface of shaded moist soils

12. Weathering

Erosion

Plant

Horizon

Clay

Percolation

Sand

Mineral

Water Gravel

Silt