TEST LINK (UPTO 2D GEL ELECTROPHORESIS, CH 2) CLASS 12

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc3r0W1slA6435i_GtdmiZsHQEbCvOQvA9aO_iZaRgLKrSNmQ/viewform?vc=0&c=0&w=1&fbzx=-7000087242179997026

Ch5, Lect 2, class 7

Test Link, Ch-3, Class7

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1TcUNFmOynN0MCrwmOlWzpNdiv-i7aDOdOJvpCywjnWI/edit

Designing proteins (Protein engineering)

In order to improve their properties for thermal and pH stability, solvent tolerance and solubility, catalytic potency etc. For example 

IMPROVING LAUNDRY DETERGENT ENZYME SUBTILISIN:

Subtilisin is a protease (a protein-digesting enzyme) initially obtained from Bacillus subtilis. The active site features a charge-relay network involving Asp-32, His-64, and active site Ser-221 arranged in a catalytic triad. Studies have implicated methionine 222 as a primary site for oxidative inactivation of subtilisin. Site-directed mutagenesis has been employed in the construction of subtilisin variants with improved storage and oxidation stabilities. Because of uncertainties in predicting which amino acid would be the optimal substitute for methionine 222, scientists have  prepared all 19 amino acid substitutions at this site in the cloned subtilisin gene. Mutant enzymes were expressed in Bacillus subtilis and were found to vary widely in specific activity. Mutants containing nonoxidizable amino acids (i.e. Ser, Ala) were resistant to inactivation, whereas methionine and cysteine enzymes were rapidly inactivated. 

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS, CH 5, LECTURE 1(Class7)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YnzfsBwni20

NCERT Exemplar problems and solutions, Ch 3, class 7

1. Complete the paragraph related to the life history of silk moth by filling in the blanks. The ____(a)___ silk moth lays ___(b)___, from which hatch ____(c)___ called ___(d)____ or ___(e)____. They grow in size and when the caterpillar is ready to enter the next stage of its life history called ___(f)____, it first weaves a covering to hold itself, which is known as ___(g)____.

Soln:

The a) female silk moth lays b) eggs, from which hatch c) larvae called d) caterpillars or e) silkworms. They grow in size and when the caterpillar is ready to enter the next stage of its life history called f) pupa, it first weaves a covering to hold itself, which is known as g) cocoon.

2. Paheli went to the market to buy sarees for her mother. She took out a thread from the edge of the two sarees shown by the shopkeeper and burnt them. One thread burnt with a smell of burning hair and the other burnt with the smell of burning paper. Which thread is from a pure cotton saree and which one from a pure silk saree? Give reason for your answer.

Soln:

Thread which burns with the smell of burning paper is of cotton because both paper and cotton are cellulose which are carbohydrates hence they burn with similar odor. Similarly the thread which is burnt with smell of burning hair is silk, because silk as well as hair are proteins hence they burn with similar characteristic smell.

3. Explain the phrase – “Unity is Strength” on the basis of the making of fabric from fibre.

Soln:

Fabric is made of thin hair like strand called as fibres. It is easy to break a fibre thread as it is fragile easy to break as well. On the other hand fabric is the accumulation of many fibre thread which are hard to break and needs enormous amount of energy to break fabric. Hence based on making of fabric from fibre it is said that unity is strength.

4. How do the hair of certain animals help in keeping their bodies warm?

Hairs of bad conductor of heat hence they will not allow escape of heat from body which ensures their body kept warm.

5. State whether the following statements are True or False. If false, correct them.

(a) Silkworms are caterpillars of silk moth.

(b) In India, camels and goats are generally reared for obtaining wool.

(c) The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called silviculture.

(d) In the process of obtaining wool from fleece, sorting is done after scouring.

(e) Yak hair are not used to make woollen fabric.

Soln:

1. True
2. False- In India, sheep are reared for obtaining wool.
3. False- The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture
4. True
5. False- Yak hair are used to make woollen fabric.

Protein Based Products, Class 12

• Plasma is the clear, straw-colored liquid portion of blood that remains after red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and other cellular components are removed.
• Plasma carries out a variety of functions in the body, including clotting blood, fighting diseases and other critical functions.
• Source plasma is plasma that is collected from healthy, voluntary donors through a process called plasmapheresis and is used exclusively for further manufacturing into final therapies (fractionation). Source plasma donors may be compensated for their time and effort.
• RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY products: Factor VIII, Factor IX, Hepatitis B vaccine
• 

REGULATORY FACTOR:

Cytokines are a large group of proteins, peptides or glycoproteins that are secreted by specific cells of immune system. Cytokines are a category of signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation and hematopoiesis. Cytokines are produced throughout the body by cells of diverse embryological origin. Cytokine is a general name; other names are defined based on their presumed function, cell of secretion, or target of action. For example, cytokines made by lymphocytes can also be referred to as lymphokines. Many of the lymphokines are also known as interleukins (ILs)
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses

FUNCTIONAL NON CATALYTIC PROTEINS:

A variety of non-catalytic bulk proteins are produced in very significant quantities by the biotech sector. These proteins, which are largely derived from food sources and/or find application in the food sector, are the focus of this chapter. Such proteins are added to food either for obvious nutritional reasons or more commonly because they exhibit specific desirable functional properties.

Nutraceuticals are biologically active phytochemicals that possess health benefits. These may be delivered to the consumer as a dietary supplement and/or as a functional food. These products are likely to play a vital role in human health and longevity. The consumption of these products by the vast majority of the public is usually without a medical prescription and/or supervision. The impact of consumer confidence in the growth and survival of the dietary supplement industry is, therefore, direct and enormous.

Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora.^[1][2] Probiotics are considered generally safe to consume